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?亞歷山大藻 熒光性很強(GY-H52 Alexandrium sp.)
?亞歷山大藻 熒光性很強(GY-H52 Alexandrium sp.)
細胞球形，尺寸較小，直徑15-29微米，細胞棕綠色，具鞘，包囊從球形到稍扁形，上面看為圓形（直徑25-35），側面觀察為卵形（長28-35微米，寬20-30微米）。大多數(shù)細胞含有粒狀物質和少量橘黃色物質。有腹孔，窄。
基本特征
亞歷山大藻生長在熱帶、溫帶沿岸和河口海域。該種是地中海分布最廣的PSP毒素種，也是引起東南亞發(fā)生PSP事件的兩種主要生物之一(Vila et al., 2001; Lim et al., 2006)。該種集中在港口、河口和瀉湖，與低鹽度和富含營養(yǎng)的淡水輸入?yún)^(qū)相關。培養(yǎng)試驗表明，該種是廣溫鹽性的(Grzebyk et al., 2003, Cannon 1996)。提高溫度和增加光照，生長速率增加(Lim et al., 2006)。一段時間適應后，在12℃也可以達到較高的生長速度
生態(tài)影響（ECOSYSTEM）
亞歷山大藻是一種能形成沿海藻華的微小腰鞭毛藻。最早在亞歷山大港赤潮時被記載。該單細胞藻產(chǎn)生的高濃度毒素是造成全球許多地區(qū)人群麻痹性貝毒感染的主要原因。毒素能夠影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的其它生物，如哺乳動物、鳥類、魚類和浮游動物。與相似種的塔瑪亞歷山大藻不同，微小亞歷山大藻僅產(chǎn)生相對有限的PSP毒素（GTX1-GTX4）。少量毒素對浮游動物和魚類有害，能夠減少橈腳類生物繁殖。毒素在浮游動物、貝類和蟹類中具有蓄積性，人或其他哺乳動物使用后會引起麻痹性中毒。該毒素屬于神經(jīng)毒素，引起人肌肉癱瘓、神經(jīng)癥狀，嚴重時會導致死亡(Hallegraeff, 1993; Van Dolah 2000)。藻華時由于擔心PSP疾病爆發(fā)，關閉貝類養(yǎng)殖廠，帶來經(jīng)濟損失。
Description
Alexandrium minutum Halim, 1960
Species Overview:
Alexandrium minutum is an armoured, marine, planktonic dinoflagellate. It is a widely distributed species associated with toxic PSP blooms in coastal regions.
Taxonomical Description:
Cells of A. minutum are small, nearly spherical to ellipsoidal, somewhat dorsoventrally flattened and occassionally longer than wide (Figs. 1-4). Cells are single with a characteristic ventral pore on the first apical plate, 1′ (Figs. 2-4,8,9). Thecal plates thin. Thecal surface ornamenation can vary from light to heavy reticulation (mostly confined to the hypotheca) with small scattered pores. Intercalary bands are present (Figs. 1-3). Large range in size in this species: between 15-30 μm in length and 13-24 μm in transdiameter width (Balech, 1989, Balech, 1995, Hallegraeff, 1991, Taylor et al., 1995, Steidinger and Tangen, 1996, Hwang et al., 1999).
Thecal Plate Description:
The plate formula for A. minutum is: Po, 4′, 6”, 6c, 10s, 5”’, 2””. The epitheca is larger than the hypotheca. The apical pore complex (APC) is oval to broadly triangular and pointed posteriorly (Fig. 3). The apical pore plate (Po) is large, narrow and oval with a wide foramen (Figs. 3,9). The Po can be either in direct contact with the first apical plate (1′) (Figs. 3,9a) or indirectly connected via a thin suture (thread-like process) (Fig. 9b). This connection can be obscured by plate growth overlap by plates 2′ and 4′. A characteristic ventral pore is located on the slender and rhomboidal 1′ plate (Figs. 2-4, 8,9). The distinctive sixth precingular plate (6”) is long and narrow (Fig. 1) (Balech, 1989, Balech, 1995, Hallegraeff, 1991, Taylor et al., 1995, Steidinger and Tangen, 1996, Hwang et al., 1999).
The epitheca is hemielliptical to conical with convex sides (Figs. 1,2,4). The apex is broadly rounded. The short hypotheca is hemielliptical with a convex to flat antapex (Figs. 1,2,4). The deeply excavated cingulum is displaced in a descending fashion one time its width with thickened margins (Figs. 1,2,4). The sulcus is shallow with narrow lists (Figs. 1,2) (Balech, 1989, Balech, 1995, Hallegraeff, 1991, Taylor et al., 1995, Steidinger and Tangen, 1996, Hwang et al., 1999).
Morphology and Structure:
A. minutum is a photosynthetic species with an elliptical nucleus (Balech, 1989, Balech, 1995).
Reproduction:
A. minutum reproduces asexually by binary fission. This species also has a sexual cycle that produces a characteristic resting cyst (Figs. 6,7) (Bolch et al., 1991).
Ecology:
A. minutum is a planktonic dinoflagellate species associated with toxic PSP events in coastal regions around the world. This species also produces dense (reddish-brown) red tides (Hallegraeff, 1991). A red tide of this species reported from Taiwan had cell densities as high as 2.5 X 10^7 cells/L (Hwang et al., 1999). Another red tide of A. minutum reported from South Australia revealed cell levels of 4.8 X 10^8 cells/L (Cannon, 1990).
This species produces a clear resting cyst as part of its life cycle. Cysts vary from hemispherical to circular in shape: cyst circular in apical view (24-29 μm in diameter) (Fig. 6); kidney-shaped in lateral view (15-19 μm long) (Fig. 7). The cyst wall is covered with mucilage (Bolch et al., 1991).
Toxicity:
Alexandrium minutum is a strong producer of PSP gonyautoxins: GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 (Oshima et al., 1989). These toxins can affect humans, other mammals, birds and possibly fish (Hallegraeff et al., 1988, Hallegraeff, 1991). This species is responsible for PSP events in Taiwan (Hwang et al., 1999), South Australia (Hallegraeff et al., 1988, Cannon, 1990), France (Nezan et al., 1989) and New Zealand (Chang et al., 1995).
Habitat and Locality:
Alexandrium minutum is widely distributed species found in many coastal areas of the world. Populations have been recorded from Alexandria Harbor, Egypt (Halim, 1960), Italy (Montresor et al., 1990), northern Adriatic waters (Mediterranean Sea) (Honsell, 1993), Turkey (Koray and Buyukisik, 1988), Spain and Portugal (as A. ibericum) (Balech, 1985b), France (Nezan et al., 1989), South Australia (Hallegraeff et al., 1988), and the east coast of the United States (Steidinger and Tangen, 1996).
Classification
Kingdom Protoctista
Phylum Dinoflagellata
Subphylum Pyrrhophyta
Class Dinophyceae
Order Gonyaulacales
Family Goniodomaceae
Genus Alexandrium
Species Alexandrium minutum
產(chǎn)品形式
- 試管固體培養(yǎng)基藻種（可以快遞）
- 液體藻種（100ml-5L包裝）
- 大容量藻液（5L以上，貨運）
